參考文獻(xiàn)：

[1] 我對(duì)這一主題的更詳盡討論，見(jiàn)于"Norm and Form," in J. Peter Euben, John R. Wallach, and Josiah Ober, eds., Athenian Political Thought and the Reconstruction of American Democracy (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1994).

[2] Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, ed. Michael Oakeshott (Oxford: Blackwell, 1946), 83.

[3] Mary Douglas, Purity and Danger: An Analysis of Concepts of Pollution and Taboo (Harmondswonh: Penguin, 1970), esp. 137￡￡.

[4] 更充分的討論，參見(jiàn)我的"Democracy, Difference, and Re-Cognition," Political Theory 21 (1993): 464-83.

[5] 對(duì)技藝（techne）概念的更詳盡處理，見(jiàn)于John Wallach’s forthcoming The Platonic Political Art.

[6]馬克思的“猶太人問(wèn)題” 仍然是對(duì)這個(gè)矛盾的經(jīng)典討論 。

[7] See William E. Connolly, Identity\Difference: Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1991).

[8] Jean Bodin, Six Books of the Commonwealth, trans. M. J. Tooley (Oxford: Blackwell, n.d.), book 6, chap. 4, 192-93.

[9] The Federalist, ed. Jacob Cooke (Middletown, Conn.: Wesleyan University Press, 1961), 61 (no. 10).

[10] 托克維爾的抱怨，see jean-Claude Lambeni, Tocqueville et les deux dtmocraties (Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1983), 180. 托克維爾將美國(guó)民主與革命分離開(kāi)，參見(jiàn)他的Oeuvres Completes, ed. J.-P. Mayer (Paris: Gallimard, 1969-), 1.14.

[11] 我對(duì)柏拉圖和亞里士多德如何處理民主制的更充分討論，參見(jiàn)我的文章"Norm and Form." The quotation from Plato's Republic follows the Shorey translation in the Loeb series.

[12] Aristotle, Politics, 3.5-6.1278b6-15: “現(xiàn)在，在任何情況下，一個(gè)國(guó)家的公民身體是主權(quán)；公民身體是憲法。因此，在民主制中，人民是主權(quán)；在寡頭制中，少數(shù)是主權(quán)?！盩rans. T. A. Sinclair, revised Trevor J. Saunders (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1981).

[13] “民主制是通用憲法…它 是一切憲法業(yè)已解開(kāi)的秘密。”Karl Marx, Critique of Hegel's "Philosophy of Right," ed. Joseph O'Malley (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 29-30.

[14] 古代世界對(duì)這一主題的討論，see G.E.M. de Ste. Croix, The Class Struggle in the Ancient Greek World (London: Duckworth, 1981), 278-300.

[15] Locke, Two Treatises of Government, 11: 124-26. 當(dāng)洛克討論“人民的多數(shù)”的革命權(quán)利時(shí)，放大的政治再次出現(xiàn)。(11.209).

[16] 五世紀(jì)雅典民主制訴諸于抽簽、輪換、陶片放逐法等大膽舉措，來(lái)維護(hù)直接民主，但在六世紀(jì)，它開(kāi)始出現(xiàn)米爾斯的寡頭制鐵律癥狀。See Josiah Ober, Mass and Elite in Democratic Athens (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989).

[17] See, e.g., Plato,. Republic 7.563e-564a; Laws 70la; Polybius, The Histories 7.9; Philo, De Confusione Linguaram 23.108; De Fuga et lnventione 2.10, John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion 4.20.8; Sir Thomas Elyot, The Book named The Governor 1.1; Claude de Seyssel, The Monarchy of France 1.1; David Hume, "Of the Populousness of Ancient Nations," in Essays Moral, Political and literary (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1963), p. 374; and The Federalist, no. 10, p. 61, and no. 14, p. 84.

[18] Plato, Republic, 8.557e-58a; and see Laws, 3.693d.

[19] Tocqueville, Journey to America, ed. J. P. Mayer (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1959), 51, 156.

[20] Oxford English Dictionary, entry 2 s.v. "solidarity."